CHAPTER XVI.

Ihn Batuta arrives at the Queen Mothers Palace — His Daughters death and funeral The Em-

perors return to Dehli — Appoints Ibn Batuta Judge of Dehli — Character of the Emperor

Quarrels voith the Inhabitants of Dehli, and commands them to quit the city for Davdatabad

Emir of Fargana put to death — The Kazi Jalal Oddin and others put to death Cruelties of

the Emperor — Arabic panegyric composed by our traveller for him — In danger of losing
his Ife — Gives up his office, and joins the Religious.

Let us now return to the description of our arrival Dehli. When we

arrived at this place, the Vizier having previously met us, we came to the

door of the Sultan’s haram, to the place in which his mother, ”‘E1 Makh-

duma Jahan* resides, the Vizier, as also the Kazi of the place, being

still with us. These paid their respects at the entrance, and we all followed

their example. We also, each of us, sent his present to her, which was

proportionate to his circumstances. The Queen’s secretaries then registered

these presents, and informed her of them. The presents were accepted,

and we were ordered to be seated. Her viands were then brought in ; we

received the greatest respect and attention in their odd way. After this,

/

dresses of honour were put upon us, and we were ordered to withdraw to
such places as had been prepared for each of us. We made our obeisance
and retired accordingly. This service is presented, by one’s bowing the
head, placing one of the hands on the earth, and then retiring.

When I had got to the house prepared for me, I found it furnished with
overy carpet, vessel, couch, and fuel, one could desire. The victuals which
they brought us consisted of flour, rice, and flesh, all of which was brought
from the mother of the Emperor. Every morning we paid our respects to
the Vizier, who on one occasion gave me two thousand dinars, and said :
This is to enable you to get your clothes washed. He also gave me a large
robe of honour ; and to my attendants, who amounted to about forty, he
gave two thousand dinars.

* This, according to the Tabakati Akbari and Ferishta, was the name of the Emperor’s mo^
ther, and to her was consigned the care of the household.

T 2

140

HINDUSTAN.

After this, the Emperor’s allowance was brought to us, which amounted
to the weight of one thousand Dehli-Ritls of flour, where every Ritl * is

* This word, which accordingto the author of the Kamoos, &c. may be pronounced either Ritl or

’■I o

Rati (Jhj or constantly given by M. de Sacy Rotl (as if written for what reason

I know not. As it is important that the reader should have some idea of the value of this measure
of weight, I shall here put down what the author of the Kamoos has said about it (sub voce

A and, as it is here connected with several others, I shall copy the whole of the article.

aj

P^^\, ^ t, P P S ^ P C>- y ^ ^ ^ /o o P

^ ■i' ^ ^ " *✓

•i P ^ p ■m fi y'O P , ^ s ^ ^ p ^ S

L,C.A> I

f~P 9 c/ P\

(*^J^ (J.V

(j-^ (^A-o . The

Makkuk, of the form Tannur, is a cup out of which one drinks : it is also a measure containing
a saa and a half, or (which is the same thing) from half a ritl to eight ounces ; or, half the waibat.
And the waibat contains either two and twenty or four and twenty modds, according to the
modd of the prophet (2. e. of Hegaz), or three kailajes; and the kailaj containsthe maund and
seven-eighths of a maund ; and the maund contains two ritls, a ritl twelve ounces, and an ounce
contains an istar and two-thirds, and an istar contains four mathkals and a half; a mathkal equals
a dram and three-sevenths of a dram ; and a dram six daniks ; and a danik contains two kirat
(carats) ; and a kirat two tassujes ; and a tassuj two grains ; and a grain the sixth of the eighth
of a dram ; which is a part of forty-eight parts of a dram. Tabularly thus :

1 Makkuk = 1 Saa -|- 4 = 1 to 8 ozs.

2

_ j Waibat
2

1 Mathkal = 1 Dram -f ^
1 Dram = 6 Daniks
1 Danik = 2 Kirats
1 Kirat = 2 Tassuj
1 Tassuj 2 Grains
1 Grain

1 Waiba — 22 or 24 Modds = 3 Kailajes
1 Kailaj = 1 Maund -)- ^

1 Maund =; 2 Ritls
1 Ritl =12 Ounces
1 Ounce = 1 Istar -{- §

1 Istar = 4 Mathkal -J- 4

The ounce, I believe, is our ounce troy, and hence the value of any other of the weights
may be found. The value of weights, jewels, and metals, as used in Hindustan, are thus given

= 4 of 8 ^ Dram

= ^ of a Dram

(a) Since writing this, I find that it has been also extracted by M. de Sacy in his Chrestomathie,
tom. i. p. 36, edit. 2. Rut, as his extract is without a translation, and otherwise incomplete,
I shall retain it.

HINDUSTAN.

141

equal to five and twenty Ritls of Egypt. We also had one thousand Ritls

in the Tijarat Namah : (

fcXwsh cLwaLi.Cj - L ** ^ * . &^

^ ■■ ^ t A4)\j

. LU^jli ijoyo^ u\-i)lj Know that 8 rice grains make 1 red grain, which in the Hindee is

called a Ratti : 8 of these grains make 1 Masha ; 3| Mashas, 1 Dram ; 4^ Mashas, 1 Mathkal ; 4
barley corns, I Dang ; 1 2 Mashas a Tola ; 16 Mashas, 1 Dam ; 1 Ritl is equal to half a Ser ; 1 Maund
to 1 Ser. See also Shakespear’s Hindustani Dictionary under ^

and Hamilton’s India.

The following are the names and values of measures used in Hindustan, in measuring grain
and other heavy substances, as given in the Tijarat Namah.

' ..^*^***^ ^ iiXwjh I ^ _^*****^»

1 ^ J ^1,** -V -*j C ^ i 0 i**

^Ix 4)1^ Lli^V) (X^.mo ^jS o\^ \ iXji)

jii ^tCwo tijj J

obl iXu>j^

4ibi..,J ^ tXyjb ^ ’^^***^

cLftilipSTT^ 1**^ C *' ^*^3 t,** ..*.^1

I,"-.- ■ .'t . i‘ e. a sixteenth of a ser makes one ch^atank ; two ch^hatanks, half a pao ;

three ch/hatanks, a pilo, minus one-fourth ; four ch^hatanks, one pao : two paos will be half an
athar : three paos will be an athar, minus one-fburth : four paos will be one ser : five athars, one
paseri ; eight paseri, one maund, which will contain forty ser. But the ser every where varies, so
that in Shah Jahan Abad the ser will be equal to eighty current rupees ; in Akbar Abad, eighty
sicca rupees ; in Farakh Abad, it will equal eighty-two sicca rupees in heavy articles ; but in
grain, to two and thirty takkas .) In Luknow the ser is equal to ninety-six rupees ; in

Mirzapur, to ninety-seven sicca rupees ; in Benares it is equal to seventy-two rupees. In Aazim
Abad the ser equals seventy-six sicca rupees ; in Murshed Abad it equals eighty-one rupees,
minus one-fourth ; in Dakka eighty-one rupees, minus one-fourth ; and in Calcutta, the ser
equals eighty-two sicca rupees. In the South, the ser is, for the most part, equal to eighty sicca
rupees. But in country places it is taken as a measure, not as a weight. In the North also it
varies in weight, and is also used as a measure. In the country places of these parts (Farakh
Abad) also the weights vary, no one having been established. According to Mr. Shakespear,
the Calcutta rupee was by an order of the English government in India, in 1793, fixed to the
weight of 179| grains (troy) : but, whether our writer reckons by this standard or not, it is more
than I can positively say: it is most likely that he does, as the work was written for a servant
of the Company CL^\j j---' Mr. Robert Batiras? perhaps Patterson) in 1806.

142

HINDUSTAN.

of flesh ; and of fermented liquors, oil, oil-olive, and the betel-nut, many
Ritls ; and also many of the betel-leaf.*

During this time, and in the absence of the Emperor, a daughter of mine
happened to die, which the Vizier communicated to him. The Emperor’s
distance from Dehli was that of ten stages ; nevertheless, the Vizier had an
answer from him on the morning of the day, on which the funeral was to
take place. His orders were, that what was usually done on the death of
any of the children of the nobility, should be done now. On the third day,
therefore, the Vizier came with the judges and nobles, who spread a carpet
and made the necessary preparations, consisting of incense, rose-water,
readers of the koran, and panegyrists. When I proceeded with the funeral,

I expected nothing of this ; but upon seeing their company I was much
gratified. The Vizier, on this occasion, occupied the station of the Emperor,
defraying every expense, and distributing victuals to the poor, and others ;
and giving money to the readers, according to the order which he had
received from the Emperor.

After this, the Emperor’s mother sent for the mother of the child, and
gave her dresses and ornaments, exceeding one thousand dinars in value.
She also gave her a thousand dinars in money, and dismissed her on the
second day. During the absence of the Emperor, the Vizier shewed me
the greatest kindness, on the part of himself, as well as on that of his
master.

Soon after, the news of the Emperor’s approach was received, stating that
he was within seven miles of Dehli, and ordering the Vizier to come and
meet him. He went out, accordingly, accompanied by those who had
arrived for the purpose of being presented ; each taking his present with
him. In this manner we proceeded till we arrived at the gate of the palace
in which he then was. At this place the secretaries took account of the
several presents, and also brought them before the Emperor. The pre-
sents were then taken away, and the travellers were presented, each
according to the order in which he 'had been arranged. When my turn
came, I went in and presented my service in the usual manner, and was very

* OJ3 ' ‘’f Oude’s Persian Dictionary saysijj i<,

JCJ jiXfc . It is a leaf which in Hindustan they call pan, and which they eat with tlie

betel-nut and quick lime.

HINDUSTAN.

143

graciously received, the Emperor taking my hand, and promising me every
kindness. To each of the travellers he gave a dress of honour, " embroidered
with gold, which had been worn by himself, and one of these he also
gave to me. After this, we met without the palace, and viands were
handed about for some time. On this occasion the travellers ate, the
Vizier, with the great Emirs, standing over them as servants. We
then retired. After this, the Emperor sent to each of us one of the
horses of his own stud, adorned and caparisoned with a saddle of silver.
He then placed us in his front with the Vizier, and rode on till he arrived
at his palace in Dehli. On the third day after our arrival, each of the tra-
vellers presented himself at the gate of the palace ; when the Emperor sent
to inquire, whether there were any among us who wished to take office,
either as a writer, a judge, or a magistrate ; saying, that he would give such
appointments. Each, of course, gave an answer suitable to his wishes.
For my own part, I answered, I have no desire either for rule or writership ;
but the office both of judge and of magistrate, myself and my fathers have
filled. These replies were carried to the Emperor, who commanded each
person to be brought before him, and he then gave him such appointment
as would suit him ; bestowing on him, at the same time, a dress of honour,
and a horse furnished with an ornamented saddle. He also gave him
money, appointing likewise the amount of his salary, which was to be
drawn from the treasury. He also appointed a portion of the produce of
the villages, which each was to receive annually, according to his rank.

When I was called, I went in and did homage. The Vizier said : The
Lord of the world appoints you to the office of judge in Dehli. He also
gives you a dress of honour with a saddled horse, as also twelve thousand
dinars for your present support. He has moreover appointed you a yearly
salary of twelve thousand dinars, and a portion of lands in the villages,
which will produce annually an equal sum. I then did homage according
to their custom, and withdrew.

We shall now proceed to give some account of the Emperor Mohammed
son of Ghiath Oddin Toglik: then of our entering and leaving Hindustan.

This Emperor was one of the most bountiful and splendidly munificent
men (where he took) ; but in other cases, one of the most impetuous and

144

HINDUSTAN.

inexorable : and very seldom indeed did it happen, that pardon followed
his anger. On one occasion he took offence at the inhabitants of Dehli, on
account of the numbers of its inhabitants who had revolted, and the liberal
support which these had received from the rest ; and, to such a pitch did
the quarrel rise, that the inhabitants wrote a letter consisting of several
pages, in which they very much abused him : they then sealed it up, and
directed it to the Real Head and Lord of the world, adding, “ Let no other
person read it.” They then threw it over the gate of the palace. Those
who saw it, could do no other than send it to him ; and he read it accord-
ingly. The consequence was, he ordered all the inhabitants to quit the
place ; and, upon some delay being evinced, he made a proclamation
stating, that what person soever, being an inhabitant of that city, should be
found in any of its houses or streets, should receive condign punishment.
Upon this they all went out.* But, his servants finding a blind man in

* We have no mention of this circumstance, either in the Tabakati Akbarl, Ferishta, or any
other history accessible to me. Dow ascribes the intention of making Deogir (afterwards called
Dawlatabiid) the seat of government, to the Emperor’s being pleased with its situation and
strength, of which Ferishta, &c. take no notice. Ferishta, however, states that his reason was
its being more central than Dehli, and farther removed from the Persians and Tartars : but of
its strength nothing is said, except that the Emperor set about fortifying it as soon as he had
settled himself in it. That Dehli was desolated on this occasion all attest, and from the manner
in which the author of the Tabakati Akbarl mentions the migration, there is reason to suppose
that something more than the central position of Deogir was the cause. His words are these;

^

(J.fcb ^ ^

. S\d IjCL <5jb^ s\j “ And this matter {i.e. the

arrangements made in the Doab) became the cause of ruin and destruction to the inhabitants.
Hence agriculture was neglected ; and a drought happening at the same time, a terrible famine
appeared in Dehli ; so that the greater part of its houses fell off (from their allegiance) and
such confusion took place that the kingdom was shaken. Another of l)is whims was to name
Deogir Dawlatabiid, and as it was central, to make it the seat of empire. Hence Dehli, which
was the rival of Bagdad or Damascus, he entirely ruined, commanding its inhabitants, to whom
its air and water had become almost a second nature, to proceed with their families to Deogir,
furnishing them with expenses for a house and for travelling out of the treasury.” And again,

ctlubtf

HINDUSTAN.

145

one of the houses, and a bed-ridden one in another, the Emperor com-
manded the bed-ridden man to be projected from a "balista, and the blind
one to be dragged by his feet to ^ Dawlatabad, which is at the distance of
ten days, and he was so dragged ; but, his limbs dropping off by the
way, only one of his legs was brought to the place intended, and was
then thrown into it : for the order had been, that they should go to this
place. When I entered Dehli it was almost a desert. Its buildings were
very few ; in other respects it was quite empty, its houses having been
forsaken by its inhabitants. The King, however, had given orders, that
any one who wished to leave his own city, may come and reside there.*
The consequence was, the greatest city in the world had the fewest inha-
bitants.

Upon a certain occasion, too, the principal of the preachers, who was
then keeper of the jewellery, happened to be outwitted by some of the
infidel Hindoos, who came by night and stole some jewels. For this he
beat the man to death with his own hand.

^

Aj jki \j jjlc

^ A<1 A.i) jy ‘^y ^ tVol ^ ‘ <

. AiU jJaiu^ (_iysi “ He made some regulations, which will be particu-

larly mentioned, by which those who had but little wealth were entirely ruined ; and those who
had power sufficient to do so, rebelled openly. And, as Mohammed was naturally a bloody and
fierce man, he made no hesitation whatever in punishing and slaughtering (all such), and as his
commands were enforced, vast numbers were put to death, and the country almost desolated ;
in so far, that he lost a great part of the kingdom : nay, in Dehli itself, which was then the
capital, there was open rebellion. The revenues from other parts were stopped, and the treasury
remained empt}^” Immediately after this follows the above extract, which seems to put the
matter out of all doubt, that the account given by our traveller, although not mentioned by
Ferishta, is the true one, as it respects the cause of Dehli’s being doserted. Ferishta, indeed,
gives a similar account of the evacuation, and states that not so much as a slave was left
behind ; but in such words as not to favour the reason ascribed by Ibn Batuta : I have, there-
fore, been induced to give these extracts from an earlier historian.

* The same is said both by Ferishta and the author of the Tabakati Akbari. See Dow, p. 333.

u

146

HINDUSTAN.

Upon another occasion, one of the Emirs of ^Fargana came to pay him
a temporary visit. The Emperor received him very kindly, and bestowed
on him some rich presents. After this the Emir had a wish to return, but
was afraid the Emperor would not allow him to do so ; he began, there-
fore, to think of flight. Upon this a whisperer gave intimation of his
design, and the Emir was put to death : the whole of his wealth was
then given to the informers. For this is their custom, that when any one
gives private intimation of the designs of another, and his information turns
out to be true, the person so informed of is put to death, and his property
is given to the informer.

There was at that time, in the city of ’ Kambaya,* on the shores of
India, a Sheikh of considerable power, and note, named the Sheikh Ali
Haidar!, j' to whom the merchants and seafaring men made many votive
offerings. This Sheikh was in the habit of making many predictions
for them.* But when the Kazi Jalfd Oddin Afgani rebelled against the
Emperor, it was told him that the Sheikh Haidar! had sent for this Kaz!
Jaird Odd!n, and given him the cap off his own head. Upon this the
Emperor set out for the purpose of making war upon the Kaz! Jalal Oddm,
whom he put to flight. He then returned to his palace, leaving behind him
an Em!r, who should make inquiry respecting others who had joined the
Kaz! : thd inquiry accordingly went on, and those who had done so were
put to death. The Sheikh was then brought forward ; and when it was
proved that he had given his cap to the Kaz!, he was also slain. The
Sheikh Had, son of the Sheikh Baha Oddm Zakarya, was also put to death,
on account of some spite which he would wreak upon him. This was one
of the greatest Sheikhs. His crime was, that his uncle’s son had rebelled
against the Emperor, when he was acting as governor in one of the pro-
vinces of India. So war was made upon him, and being overcome, his
flesh was roasted with some rice, and thrown to the elephants to be devoured :
but they refused to touch it. J

Upon a certain day, when I myself was present, some men were brought

* The Cambay of Rennell. f One of the Haidaree sect, already noticed.

t None of the matter given here is to be found in Ferishta, or any other historian to whom I
have access.

HINDUSTAN.

147

out who had been accused of having attempted the life of the Vizier.
They were ordered, accordingly, to be thrown to the elephants, which had
been taught to cut their victims to pieces. Their hoofs were cased with
sharp iron instruments, and the extremities of these were like knives. On
such occasions the elephant-driver rode upon them : and, when a man was
thrown to them, they would wrap the trunk about him and toss him up,
then take him with the teeth and throw him between their fore feet upon
the breast, and do just as the driver should bid them, and according to the
orders of the Emperor. If the order was to cut him to pieces, the elephant
would do so with his irons, and then throw the pieces among the assembled
multitude : but if the order was to leave him, he would be left lying
before the Emperor, until the skin should be taken off, and stuffed with
hay, and the flesh given to the dogs.*

On one occasion one of the Emirs, viz. the Ain El Mulk, who had the
charge of the elephants and beasts of burden, revolted, and took away the
greater part of these beasts and went over the Ganges, at the time the
Emperor was on his march towards the Maabar districts, against the Emir
Jaliil Oddin. Upon this occasion the people of the country proclaimed
the runaway emperor : but an insurrection arising, the matter soon came
to an end. I '

Another of his Emirs, namely ‘Halajun, also revolted, and sallied out of
Dehli with a large army. The Viceroy in the district of “Telingana also
rebelled, and made an effort to obtain the kingdom ; and very nearly suc-
ceeded, on account of the great number who were then in rebellion, and
the weakness of the army of the Emperor ; for a pestilence had carried off

* Ferishta tells us, on one occasion, of a man having been flead alive, which is mentioned in
Dow : but as Ferishta, the Tabakati Akbari, and perhaps all the rest of the historians of Hindus-
tan, generally follow the accounts of Zia El Barni who wrote for Firoz Shah, son of

this Emperor, it is probable that he did not record half the cruelties of this man. — ^Knox tells us
that the kings of Ceylon also use elephants as executioners, and that on these occasions, “ they
have sharp iron with a socket with three edges, which they put on their teeth at such times.”
Ceylon, p. 44.

f An account of this insurrection will be found in Dow, vol. i. pp. 327-8.
about A.H. 746.

U 2

This happened

148

HINDUSTAN.

the greater part. From his extreme good fortune, however, he got the
victory, collected his scattered troops, and subdued the rebellious Emirs,
killing some, torturing others, and pardoning the rest. He then returned
to his residence, repaired his affairs, strengthened his empire, and took
vengeance on his enemies. — But let me now return to the account of my own
affairs with him.

When he had appointed me to the office of Judge of Dehli, had made
the necessary arrangements, and given me the presents already mentioned,
the horses prepared for me, and for the other Emirs who were about his
person, were sent to each of us, who severally kissed the hoof of the horse
of him who brought them, and then led our own to the gate of the palace ;
we then entered, and each put on a dress of honour ; after which we came
out, mounted, and returned to our houses.

The Emperor said to me, on this occasion. Do not suppose that our office
of Judge of Dehli will cost you little trouble : on the contrary, it will
require the greatest attention. I understood what he said, but did not
return him a good answer. He understood the Arabic, and was not pleased
with my reply. I am, said I, of the sect of Ibn Malik, but the people of
Dehli follow Hanafi;* besides, I am ignorant of their language. He
replied, I have appointed two learned men your deputies, who will advise
with you. It will be your business to sign the legal '' instruments.']' He
then added : If what I have appointed prove not an income sufficient to
meet your numerous expenses, I have likewise given you a cell, the bequests
appropriated to which you may expend, taking this in addition to what is
already appointed. I thanked him for this, and returned to my house.

A few days after this he made me a present of twelve thousand dinars.
In a short time, however, I found myself involved in great debts, amounting
to about fifty-five thousand dinars, according to the computation of India,

♦ Two of the celebrated leaders who are at the head of the four larger sects of the Mohamme-
dans. They differ from one another, however, only in some legal points.

t On the ofliee and requirements of such persons, see the Chrestom. Arabe of M. de Sacy,
tom. i. pp. 38-41, edit 2, These oflBcers, which are there called JjAc Justices^ are styled by
Abul Fazl officers of justice, •')

HINDUSTAN.

149

which with them amounts to five thousand five hundred ^tankas;* but
which, according to the computation of the west, will amount to thirteen
thousand dinars. The reason of this debt was, the great expenses incurred
in waiting on the Emperor, during his journies to repress the revolt of the
Ain El Mulk (p. 147). About this time, I composed a panegyric in praise
of the Emperor, which I wrote in Arabic, and read to him. He translated
it for himself,'!' and was wonderfully pleased with it : for the Indians are
fond of Arabic poetry, and are very desirous of (being memorialized in) it.
I then informed him of the debt I had incurred ; which he ordered to be
discharged from his own treasury, and said : Take care, in future, not to
exceed the extent of your income. May God reward him.

Some time after the Emperor’s return from the Maabar districts, and his
ordering my residence in Dehli, his mind happened to change respecting a
Sheikh in whom he had placed great confidence, and even visited, and
who then resided in a cave without the city. He took him accordingly and
imprisoned him, and then interrogated his children as to who had resorted
to him. They named the persons who had done so, and myself among the
rest ; for it happened that I had visited him in the cave. I was conse-
quently ordered to attend at the gate of the palace, and a council to sit
within. I attended in this way for four days, and few were those who did
so, who escaped death. I betook myself, however, to continued fasting,
and tasted nothing but water. On the first day I repeated the sentence,

* On the value of the dinar, direm, &c. of Arabia, see the notes to Professor Carlyle’s Maured
Allatafet, p. 3. The king of Oude’s Persian Dictionary tells us, that the tanka (or rather
tangah) is a certain quantity of gold or money, according to the technical usage of any place ;
and that they call two fulus a tangah: his words are, jJib

. JCJ ^ 3 I’™ Hindustani Dictionary

tanga (see bj) two paisas.

f According to Ferishta this Emperor either had, or was proud to be thought to have, consider-
able pretensions to learning in the Arabic and Persic. His words are : y

For the encouragement of polite literature he was quite proverbial. His
Arabic and Persian letters were so elegant, that the regular scribes and munshis were all
astonishment.

150

HINDUSTAN.

“ God is our support, and the most excellent patron,'”* three and thirty-
thousand times ; and after the fourth day, by God’s goodness was I delivered ;
but the Sheikh, and all those who had visited him, except myself, were put
to death.

Upon this I gave up the office of Judge, and bidding farewell to the
world, attached myself to the holy and pious Sheikh, the saint and phoenix
of his age, “ Kamal Oddin Abd Ullah El GazI, who had wrought many open
miracles. All I had I gave to the Fakeers ; and, putting on the tunic of
one of them, I attached myself to this Sheikh for five months, f until I
had kept a fast of five continued days ; I then breakfasted on a little rice.

* El Koran, Surat III.

f As the mystical nonsense to which the religious of the East pay so much regard is but
little known, and, perhaps, less understood in this country, I have thought that it might not be
unacceptable here to give some account of it, which I shall do, from a work of great authority
by the very celebrated poet JamI, viz. the Nqfalud El Ins. The mysticism which

is termed by them Sufiism, is treated just like any science. It has its various ranks and degrees,
and when one has gone through them all, he is supposed to have become an integral part of the
Deity, which they hold, indeed, that he always was : but that now he is not only assured of this,
but is endued with powers sufficient to give proof of it. They generally set out with fastings,
mortifications, and silence, just as the ancient Pythagoreans did, which seems to be the state in
which our traveller had placed himself; and in these they persevere till they have fully persuaded
themselves, that heaven and earth are entirely at their command. According to Jami, then, the
degrees of this science (or unity are four, viz. .X^y jjl

iS^^y j ti 1 iS^^y S^^y

b ^

^ The first isa onewmo/’yaiVA;

the second, of assurance ; the third, a oneness of circumstance ; and the fourth, the oneness of the
Almighty. The oneness of faith is that, by which the servant of God believes in his heart, and
confesses with his tongue, the unity of the divine character of God, and the sole right which he
possesses to divine worship, as derived from the intimations of holy writ. This ascription of the
divine oneness is the medium whereby belief is placed in the revealer, and faith in the thing
revealed, which derives its proof from (the next stage, or) open assurance. The embracing of
this, therefore, effectually liberates the believer from manifest idolatry, and hastens his intro-
duction to the true religion. The candidate, however, for Sufiism is necessarily situated as

HINDUSTAN.

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